Vet Advice
Brain Exercise Keeps
Older Dogs Sharp

Source: Univ. of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine
As dogs age, they may experience loss of mental sharpness, a condition known as geriatric cognitive dysfunction, similar to geriatric dementia in humans. According to Dr. Thomas Graves, an internist at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Urbana, signs of cognitive dysfunction include altered interactions with people, decreased activity, "accidents" in the house, disorientation, change in sleep patterns, and loss of learned behaviors.

Geriatric cognitive disorder shares its many signs with other conditions; for example, an alteration in the sleep-wake cycle and increased urination may instead be related to a urinary disorder, and lethargy may simply mean that the dog isn't feeling well. Since there is no gold standard for diagnosis of geriatric cognitive disorder, veterinarians perform a thorough exam and run laboratory tests to rule out other problems.

The physiology behind geriatric cognitive disorder is not fully understood, but dietary supplements, medications, and intellectual stimulation have all been shown to help maintain a healthy brain. In most cases, combining these approaches yields better results. Increasing dietary intake of antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C and L-carnitine, may help protect the brain and the rest of the nervous system from free-radicals, the reactive byproducts of normal body processes. (Free-radical damage is the primary suspect in the aging process of humans as well as dogs.)

Dietary studies indicate that puppies learn new tasks better when given antioxidant supplements, so antioxidant supplements may benefit the young as well as the more mature.

Dr. Graves cites studies on human aging that demonstrate that intellectual activities, new leisure activities, or hobbies can delay onset of dementia in older people. "We believe the same is true for dogs," he says. "Behavioral enrichment in the form of new experiences helps keep the brain active."

He explains that intellectual challenges for pets of all ages can be simple changes in routine. "If you always take your dog for the same walk, try a new route to a new park, even if the dog is resistant. New experiences are good."

Dr. Graves also suggests replacing old toys with new ones regularly and trying different games and activities with a pet. Laboratory studies of dog behavior have shown that introducing different games and different toys improved dogs' ability to learn new tasks.

Keeping an aging dog socially active also keeps the brain sharp. If a dog is friendly, it can benefit from meeting new people and dogs on regular basis. Dr. Graves also notes that introducing a new puppy into the household can help keep an older dog more active, both physically and mentally.

According to Dr. Graves, both the brain and the body work on the "use it or lose it" principle: "If a dog, or a human being for that matter, just sits around all day--of course, it's going to get older faster."

Dr. Graves suggests that older dogs visit a veterinarian at least once every six months. "A geriatric dog seeing a veterinarian once a year is like a geriatric person seeing a doctor once every four or five years." Since dogs experience more health problems as they age, it makes sense that they see a veterinarian more often. In addition, any change in a geriatric pet's behavior warrants a visit to the veterinarian.

For more information about geriatric cognitive disorder or general care for your geriatric pet, contact your veterinarian.

Pet Foods Are Not All Created Equal by Dr. Sarah Bashaw, DVM


Did you know that what you feed your pet can have a huge impact on their health and well being?  It makes sense, what we feed ourselves also impacts our health.  Pet foods are not all created equal.  Many less expensive foods lack quality ingredients and nutrients, while some more expensive foods may actually contain more calories.  Raw food diets, while on the surface appear to be very natural, could be harmful to you or your pet.  Bones can cause tooth fractures or obstructions, and handling raw meat poses a health concern for humans.  You cannot gauge the quality of pet food solely on price.  Good quality pet food comes from veterinary based companies.

Sometimes pets need a specifically formulated pet food for optimal health.  For example, a dog with itchy skin and dry flaky coat may benefit from Royal Canin Skin Support diet.  It is formulated with additives that support skin health.  Another example is Purina OM, Hill's feline M/D, or Royal Canin Diabetic dog and cat foods.  These diets are designed for dogs or cats with diabetes to help control blood sugar swings.  Dogs with sensitive digestive tracts can do well on Eukanuba Veterinary Diet Low Residue, or Royal Canin Sensitive.  These diets are usually prescription only, and must be purchased from your veterinarian.

If your pet is healthy they may not require a prescription diet, but it is still important to feed foods that are veterinary recommended to maintain optimal health.  It has been shown that feeding good quality pet food can also improve the behavior and happiness of your pet.  Companies with good veterinary research backing their products produce better quality foods.  Examples are Royal Canin, Hill's Science Diet, Eukanuba and Purina.  Remember that pet food companies are in the business of sales, and even if one line of their food is high quality they may offer cheaper, lower quality foods as well.  Ask your veterinarian what diet is best for your pet.

Dr Bashaw practices at  PlaceNameHillside PlaceNameAnimal PlaceTypeHospital, 11495 N 136th St  Scottsdale,  AZ 85259
480-391-7297    www.hillsidepets.com


TOP 10 NUTRITIONAL TIPS FOR OVERWEIGHT PETS



Obesity is an extremely
and, as with humans, can
health of a dog or cat. The
added stresses upon his body
of diabetes,  liver problems and


common problem in pets
be detrimental to the
 overweight pet has many
 and is at an increased risk
joint pain.
1. Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy requirements. The excess energy is then stored as fat. Once a pet is obese, he may remain obese even after excessive caloric intake stops. The majority of cases of obesity are related to simple overfeeding coupled with lack of exercise.
2. Certain groups of dogs appear more prone to obesity than others. Specific breeds (Labrador retrievers and pugs, for example) and older dogs are particularly prone.
3. Although there's less data regarding obesity in cats, it appears to be less common in cats than in dogs. It has been suggested that cats have a much better ability to regulate their own energy intake.
4. Is your cat too fat? Is your dog a hog? As a subjective assessment of body condition, you should be able to feel the backbone and palpate the ribs in an animal of healthy weight. If you cannot feel your pet's ribs without pressing, there is too much fat.
5. Also, you should see a noticeable "waist" between the back of the rib cage and the hips when looking at your pet from above. Viewed from the side, there should be a "tuck" in the tummy-the abdomen should go up from the bottom of the rib cage to inside the thighs. Cats or dogs who fail these simple tests may be overweight.
6. An additional factor to be considered when managing obesity in cats is hunting. It may be necessary to confine your cat to the house to prevent "additions" to the diet.
7, 8, & 9. We recommend that you consult your pet's vet before starting on a weight loss program, which should include these major areas:
à Correct Diet
Overweight animals consume more calories than they require. Work with your veterinarian to determine your pet's caloric requirements, select a suitable food and calculate how much to feed. The diet should contain a normal level of a moderately fermentable fiber and the type of fat that
prevents the skin and coat from deteriorating during weight loss. Diets that dilute calories with high fiber lead to increased stool volumes, frequent urges to defecate and variable decreases in nutrient digestibility.
Exercise
Increasing physical activity can be a valuable contributor to both weight loss and maintenance. Regular exercise burns more calories, reduces appetite, changes body composition and will increase your pet's resting metabolic rate.
Owner Behavior Modification
A successful weight management program requires permanent changes in the behaviors that have allowed the pet to become overweight. Perhaps you are giving your pet too many treats, for example, or not giving him enough opportunities to exercise.
10. Are you committed to your pet's weight loss? Here are some important things you can do:
Remove the pet from the room when
       the family eats.
Feed your pet several small meals throughout the day.
Feed all meals and treats in the pet's bowl only.
Reduce snacks or treats.
Provide non-food related attention.

Source: ASPCA
CANINE EMERGENCIES
What constitutes an emergency?  This might seem like a question that you would intuitively know the answer to, but when faced with an emergency it could be difficult to answer.  Should you seek veterinary care right away?  Or is it something that could wait until morning when your regular veterinarian is available?  This article may help you if you are faced with this situation.

Some emergencies are obvious.  A dog runs across the road and is hit by a car.  Others may be just as serious - but not as obvious.  An older Golden Retriever suddenly seems weak and tired.  Unknown to the owner there may be a mass on the spleen that suddenly ruptured and started bleeding into the abdomen.  Early treatment is necessary in this situation to improve chances of survival.
There are some more common emergency situations you should look out for.  Some are serious or can become serious, so here is a short list that can help.  This list is not all inclusive and is NOT meant to be a substitute for veterinary care.  If you have any concerns you should contact your veterinarian IMMEDIATELY.
Anaphylaxis. This is a severe allergic reaction and is often recognized by sudden collapse and severe breathing difficulties. There are many causes for anaphylaxis that vary from insect stings, contact allergies to injection reactions. You should seek veterinary care immediately if you think your pet may be experiencing anaphylaxis.
Allergic reactions to bites or stings, injections or medications can present with a lesser form of anaphylaxis.  This includes facial, eye and lip swelling.  Although this may not be an emergency, it can be uncomfortable.  You should seek veterinary care immediately.
Bites and fight wounds are particularly serious if there is a lot of bleeding, if they involve the head (particularly eyes, ears, nose or throat), or if they have penetrated internal organs or the abdomen (stomach or groin).  If the wound seems mild, still seek veterinary care to prevent abscess formation.
Bleeding is an emergency if it is bleeding so fast it soaks through a bandage quickly, or if it makes a pool on the floor.  Direct pressure on a wound or injury might stop bleeding, but if it does not you should seek veterinary care immediately.
Repeated or continuous vomiting and/or diarrhea, with or without blood, could be a sign of poisoning, obstruction or acute gastrointestinal infection.   If your dog is vomiting everything they take in, including water, this is an emergency.  If your dog is trying to vomit but cannot, it may be a sign of obstruction, bloat, or twisted stomach.
A convulsion or seizure is a series of violent, uncontrolled spasms. Seizures lasting for more than three to five minutes or accompanied by loss of bowels or urination are considered serious and medical attention should be sought immediately.
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is an sudden onset of bloody diarrhea.  It is often described as currant jelly diarrhea because of its dark red jelly like consistency.  Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis can result in severe dehydration if not treated right away.

 If you pet suffers from Heart failure you need to watch out for emergency situations related to it.  Cardiac insufficiency, or heart failure, can lead to fluid buildup on the lungs and respiratory distress.  It can also cause heart arrhythmias which keep the heart from pumping adequate blood around the body.  If your pet has heart failure and is experiencing weakness, collapse, difficulty breathing, severe cough or seizures you should seek veterinary care right away.
Heat stroke can happen at any time in warm weather. Most frequently it is the result of dogs left in cars in hot weather with too little ventilation. The signs are excessive panting, lethargy and distress. Unconsciousness can quickly follow.  Heat stroke can also occur in open areas with little cross breeze (an outdoor kennel without shade for example), or if they over exert in hot weather.  So if your dog shows any symptoms of heat stroke even without being in an enclosed area, seek care immediately.

When do injuries become an emergency?  This will be determine by the type and extent of wounds and may be difficult to tell without medical tests. Any penetrating wound to the chest or abdomen and virtually any injury involving the eye should be regarded as an emergency. Injuries to the head or causing difficulty breathing should also be treated as emergencies.
Poisoning of any sort will be regarded as an emergency. If you see your dog ingest a suspicious substance, call your veterinarian. Your pet will most often lick, swallow or contact toxic materials without your knowledge.  The symptoms of poisoning vary by the substance.  If you notice any unusual behavior, vomiting, diarrhea, bruising or bleeding from the gums, decreased appetite or lethargy you should seek veterinary care for your dog.
Unconsciousness or collapse may occur with or without seizure activity. It often occurs without warning, e.g. sudden heart failure or following a blow on the head etc. Collapse should always be treated as a medical emergency.

What should I do in an emergency?
Keep calm and try not to panic. By doing so, you will be able to answer any
questions from your veterinarian and help your pet loved one. Contact your
veterinarian immediately by phone. Explain what has happened and follow the
advice given. Keep your dog as quiet as possible by decreasing noises and
distractions. Try to keep them still when moving to reduce the risk of further injury.
Carry out any procedures (first aid) advised by your veterinarian. Transport your
dog safely to the veterinarian as directed.

Sarah Bashaw, DVM, Hillside Animal Hospital,
11495 N 136th St Scottsdale,  AZ 85259 at 136th St. and Via Linda, north of Shea Blvd.
480-391-7297    www.hillsidepets.com


Our Pets Have Teeth Too!  Sarah Bashaw, DVM Hillside Animal Hospital

One of the most frequently overlooked but most commonly diagnosed conditions in our companion animals is dental disease.  Dogs and cats develop plaque, tartar and gingivitis in a similar manner as humans.  We take great care in preventing tooth disease and bad breath in our own mouths, but often fail to prevent this from developing in our pets.  This article will explain the process of dental disease in dogs and cats, and steps you can take to maintain a healthy mouth and prevent severe problems.

Before
Permanent teeth erupt in dogs and cats by 6 months of age.  Chewing and tongue action along the teeth initially help keep the teeth clean, but over time  bacteria, saliva and food debris accumulate to form plaque.  As plaque binds with minerals in saliva, tartar is formed.  Tartar is very hard, mineralized material that binds to the tooth surface.  As tartar and plaque work under the gum line and trap bacteria, the gum disease gingivitis begins.  Signs of gingivitis include redness and swelling of the gum line, pus under the gum, gum loss and halitosis (bad breath).  Any of these signs are indications of dental disease.                    

Tooth brushing on a daily basis starting at a young age can help prevent plaque and tartar buildup, subsequently slowing the progression of gingivitis.  Tooth brushing should begin before the permanent teeth have erupted, so your pet becomes used to handling and the feel of a brush.  Only veterinary approved toothpastes should be used, as human products can be harmful to pet's systems if swallowed.                                      

After
Over time, plaque and tartar eventually do build up, especially if we haven't been brushing regularly.  The only way to treat the resultant dental disease is through professional oral hygiene procedures performed by your veterinarian.  Your pet will receive a thorough physical examination and blood tests to check their overall health.  A full anesthesia is performed with complete monitoring so that all areas of the teeth can be fully examined, cleaned and polished.  Anesthesia is required to safely clean the teeth on all surfaces and under the gum line.  Radiographs (x-rays) of the teeth may be taken to evaluate for any problems under the gum or within the tooth.  If problem areas are detected, specific treatment is performed to help heal that area and prevent further progression of the problem.

Animals who do not receive proper dental care, both at home and at the veterinary clinic, are very likely to develop periodontal disease.  This condition occurs when the bacteria present in gingivitis progress further under the gum and damage the bone around the tooth, or the tooth and root themselves.  If damage becomes too severe the tooth may need extraction.  Severe problems such as cavities or abscesses can be extremely painful, even if you pet doesn't give any sign of pain.  If you have ever had a toothache, you know how bad it hurts, yet you still try to eat and go on with your daily activities.  Animals do the same thing.  If you suspect your pet has a more severe problem, often noted by observing loose or discolored teeth, odor, or pus or blood at the gum line, then your pet needs to be seen by your veterinarian immediately.

Proper care of our pet's teeth can help them live longer healthier lives.  Routine oral hygiene care by you and your veterinarian can prevent tooth decay and loss, as well as preventing spread of disease from the mouth through the bloodstream.  It is important to schedule regular check ups and cleanings and discuss home care with your veterinarian.


Glucosamine Can Help Minimize Arthritis Damage in Pets

Glucosamine is a popular nutritional supplement for humans and animals with arthritis, but what exactly is glucosamine, and how can it help four-legged arthritis sufferers?

According to Dr. Christopher Byron, veterinary surgery specialist at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Urbana, glucosamine is a sugar very close in structure to glucose. Glucosamine is ever-present in joints; it is a component of both chondroitin, a building block of cartilage, and hyaluronic acid, a component of the "gel" in the joint capsule that provides cushioning and protection for the joint.

Dr. Byron explains, "Osteoarthritis, the type of arthritis common in dogs and horses, causes inflammatory cells to produce enzymes that degrade cartilage, resulting in irreversible damage."

Studies conducted by Dr. Byron have demonstrated that glucosamine can inhibit these enzymes that degrade cartilage, slowing the damage caused by osteoarthritis. In addition, glucosamine also reduces inflammation, thus reducing pain, and enhances the beneficial activity of chondrocytes, the cells that play a major role in rebuilding cartilage.

Osteoarthritis is a main cause of lameness in horses, and although more common in race horses and other performance horses, Dr. Byron asserts, "most horses will get it somewhere at some point in their life."

The wear and tear that comes with age can contribute to the development of osteoarthritis, so this disease is also commonly seen in middle-aged dogs, especially amongst large breeds. Dr. Byron points out that chronic osteoarthritis can cause lameness, discomfort and pain that can affect the quality of an animal's life.

"Currently, the main group of drugs used to treat osteoarthritis are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)," explains Dr. Byron. "These help alleviate pain, but they don't actually slow the progression of the disease."

Once osteoarthritis is diagnosed, Dr. Byron recommends not only treating the symptoms with NSAIDs, but also using glucosamine supplementation to slow the degradative processes and minimize damage to the cartilage.

Glucosamine is made by the body and is not abundant in the diets of dogs and horses. Dietary supplementation can help provide higher, therapeutic amounts to both dogs and horses. There are many over-the-counter products specially formulated for animals, all with different ingredient combinations. Dr. Byron recommends products that also contain chondroitin sulfate, since it works synergistically with glucosamine. He also recommends reading product labels carefully and following label directions, since products vary.

Dr. Byron points out that glucosamine supplementation can help slow progression of osteoarthritis if used in the early stages of the disease, but for advanced arthritis it may not be as helpful, since damage to the cartilage is already severe.

Although clinical research has not yet confirmed ideal dosages for glucosamine supplementation as an arthritis preventive, Dr. Byron explains that using a supplement prior to the onset of osteoarthritis indications is more likely to help than to hurt. Aside from some mild gastrointestinal signs in horses, glucosamine has very few side effects and little potential for toxicity.

"I think it may be good to supplement an active animal earlier in life, before signs of the disease develop. If an owner is willing to put up with a little added expense, it may be worth minimizing the discomfort and expense in the long run."
For more information about glucosamine supplementation for your pet, consult your veterinarian.

www.cvm.uiuc.edu, reprinted with permission


WARNING:  The Holidays May Be Hazardous To Your Pet's Health!
As you deck the halls this holiday season, use caution around pets!  As always, the Arizona Humane Society urges pet owners to keep a watchful eye on their companions this time of year and remember these safety tips:

 Decorations and Electric Cords

- Keep tinsel, hooks, wrapping paper, garland and other decorations away from pets. If swallowed, these items can cause choking, internal injuries or serious digestive problems. Often veterinarians must surgically remove decorations from animals' digestive tracts. Keep an eye on glass ornaments, which can break and end up embedded in pets' paws.
- If you put up a Christmas tree, anchor it so pets can't knock it over. Don't hang decorations on low branches, where they will tempt curious kitties and playful pups.  Select unbreakable plastic ornaments whenever possible.
- Tape down or conceal electric cords. Keep strands of lights out of paw's reach. If your pet chews on an electric cord, she could get a fatal 100-volt charge.  Unplug the Christmas tree or other lighted decorations when you are not home.

    Plants
- Many of the season's most popular plants, including Mistletoe, Holly, Christmas Rose, Poinsettias and Ornamental Pepper, are poisonous to pets. So are the chemicals used in water to preserve fresh flowers and Christmas trees! Keep plants, trees and flowers away from your pets. Try to select non-toxic or faux varieties instead.

  Alcohol, Chocolate and People Food
- Never give an animal alcohol. Be aware of party guests leaving unfinished alcoholic beverages on low tables.  Dogs and cats can become seriously ill or die after ingesting just a few ounces of alcohol. And, don't leave snacks and candy -- especially chocolate -- where pets will find them. Chocolate contains chemicals that can over-stimulate your pet's neurological and cardiac systems, leading to coma and death.  Other holiday snacks and “people food” are too rich for a pet's digestive system.  They can cause serious stomach upset and/or swelling of the pancreas which can be fatal!

  Stress
     Pets suffer from holiday stress, due to changes in their routine; lack of attention; and an influx of guests.  Physical symptoms may include vomiting and diarrhea; loss of appetite; and lethargy.  Behavioral symptoms include loss of housebreaking/litterbox habits; growling; snapping;
hiding; and destructive behavior (digging, chewing).  Spend plenty of time with your pet, and try to keep his routine as normal as possible. Don't change feeding, walking or play times.  Introduce guests slowly, and supervise all visits.  If physical symptoms persist, consult your veterinarian.  If behavioral problems persist, spend extra time with your pet.
Emergency Veterinary Care
- Find out if your veterinarian will be open during the holiday season.  Also - know the location of the emergency veterinary clinic nearest you.  If your pet requires immediate care, you won't have time to search for the address and phone number.  Look it up NOW, just in case!



Crate Training by Dr. Jeanette Molina, Franklin Animal Hospital, 480-
  890-8283

  Both puppies and adult dogs can be easily trained to enjoy their crate.  A crate provides a dog with his/her own private sanctuary, mimicking a den.Crate training makes housebreaking and general training easier.  It keeps an unsupervised dog from "getting in trouble", creating a happier bond between human and dog.  Crates also keep your dog safe when you are not there.

When purchasing a crate, you need to get one that's big enough for your dog to stand up and turn around.  You want to avoid too much room, however, because then your dog may use one end to sleep on and the other for a bathroom.  You want it to be big enough for a "bedroom" only.

Dogs are social.  The best place to have a crate is an area where the family spends a lot of time.  Do not put the crate in an isolated room as this will cause stress to your dog.  The crate is always a happy place.  NEVER use the crate for punishment.  You can place treats in the crate to make it a pleasing experience, or you can give a favorite toy that is reserved only for the crate.   You can leave a radio or TV on when your dog's home alone to help calm him/her.

You can expect some form of asking to be let out when you first put your puppy or dog in the crate, etc. barking, whining, scratching.  Never reward the dog by letting him out during a fuss.  You must ignore it, and only let him/her out when they are being quite.  This relates to when you first put your dog in the crate and they want to get out just for the sake of getting out.  They are trying to train YOU to open the crate when they make a fuss.

On the other hand, once a dog is quietly sleeping or relaxing in the crate, if the need arises for him/her to eliminate, he/she will usually start to whine a little.  At that time you may take the dog out of the crate and directly outside.  When they eliminate, praise them excessively! You will
soon learn the difference between a bratty fit and the real need to go out.

You may want to practice with the crate before it's time for you to sleep. During the day, put your puppy in the crate for small amounts of time, letting him/her out only when he/she is quite.  Gradually lengthen the time in the crate.  Don't forget to put the treats in the crate before you put
the dog in, so you avoid the mistake of giving treats when the dog barks at you.  When it's time for bed, I find it works well to have the crate in the bedroom with the rest of the family, preferably by the bed.

Crate training is safe way to train any dog.  It can be used for housetraining, destructive problems, etc.  It keeps your dog out of trouble when you are not supervising them, and that makes for a happy owner and a happy dog!


Bow-Ouch, Me-Ouch! Can Pets Tell You Where It Hurts?

When you're in pain, you know it. If a friend or family member has a belly ache or a sharp pain in her leg, you'll probably hear about it unless that friend or family member is an animal.

If a pet is acting strange and doesn't feel well, it's not so easy to answer the
questions "Where does it hurt?" or "How badly does it hurt?" Dr. Rachael Carpenter at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Urbana, explains that veterinarians like her have been searching for ways to answer these questions for
decades. "We are just now starting to learn more about how to identify pain in animals."

Pain is difficult to assess in humans, and even more so in animals. Dr. Carpenter says, "Some species intuitively hide their pain if they expect their pack would leave them behind if they are injured, while other species will more readily exhibit signs of pain, such as limping, if they expect their pack will help them."

For example, a dog in pain may lick its injury or seek attention and cuddling from its people, whereas a cat may run off and hide if it feels pain. Observation cameras in animal hospital recovery wards have shown that even dogs may inadvertently hide their pain, especially if they have a temporary reason to forget about it.

"These cameras show that a dog in pain may get excited when a person comes into the room, jumping up, wagging its tail and showing no signs of discomfort, but as soon as the person leaves, the dog will curl up and lick its wound."

Assessing pain can also be difficult for
veterinarians since pets tend to act stoic in front of strangers in a clinical setting.
Dr. Carpenter points out that at home, with members of their "pack," pets may be more comfortable displaying signs of pain."

Behaviors that indicate pain are sometimes best observed by the owner. Owners know their pet's normal behaviors and reactions, and they spend a lot of time with their pets, so they are usually the first to notice when something changes."

For example, when her own dog had episodes of abdominal pain, Dr. Carpenter noticed that the dog did not jump on the couch like she normally does. Sometimes a pet may show obvious signs of pain such as whining, limping or yelping when touched, or the signs may be subtle, such as a slight change in the way the pet lies, sits or moves.

Once an owner clues into her pet's discomfort, a veterinarian can examine the animal and try to pinpoint to location of the pain. A veterinarian may examine common areas of painful injury, including the limbs, neck, spine and abdomen. A veterinarian may also flex the limbs and head through their ranges of motion, observing if and when the animal tenses up, pulls away, or vocalizes.

Heart rate and respiratory rate may also be monitored in long-term patients, such as those recovering from surgery, since these measurements can indicate stress, and possibly pain levels in animals.

A pet's pain can be caused by many things, and Dr. Carpenter says common causes of abdominal pain include gastrointestinal parasites or other infection, pancreatitis and ingestion of a foreign object such as a ball or coin. Intervertebral disc disease,
traumatic injury and sprains or strains can cause acute pain in the back, neck and extremities. Sometimes pets can
experience general soreness and stiffness from excessive exercising and
playing similar to what people may feel after a strenuous work-out.

Once a veterinarian determines a pet is experiencing pain, the next step is to treat the pain. Post-operative pain can be |managed by intravenous medications or transdermal patches that deliver medication through the skin. Oral medications, in either liquid or pill form, can be used in a hospital setting or at home.

"In the old days of veterinary medicine, pain management was not a priority," says Dr. Carpenter. "But today we know that pain can be detrimental. When we alleviate pain, animals feel better, have a better appetite, sleep better and get on their feet sooner, and all this contributes to faster healing and recovery."

For more information about pain and your pet, contact your veterinarian.

     Veterinary Extension/Office of Public Engagement
      University of Illinois College of Veterinary  Medicine   217/333-2907


Gravel Gobbling Dog?  Your Pooch Could have Pica     

Does your canine companion snack on the gravel in your yard?  If so, he could have a dangerous condition known as pica … and you need to get him out from between a rock and a hard place right away! Experts define pica as eating “non-food” items.  Oddly, rocks are frequently the item of choice for dogs.  Pica can be serious, and can even result in severe intestinal damage.  An ingested rock may cause a blockage that requires surgery.  If you have a pica-prone pooch, keep a close eye on him.  If he stops eating or going to the bathroom; begins to vomit; gets dehydrated; or suddenly loses weight, seek medical attention right away.  Chewing rocks will also cause severe damage to a dog's teeth, and he could cut the inside of his mouth.

The exact cause of pica is a bit of a mystery, said AHS Chief Veterinarian Kathleen Croteau.  Specific to rock chewing, many people have long suspected that it stems from a mineral deficiency in the dog's diet.  However, that explanation has never been proven.  These days, Croteau said, the cause is thought to be behavioral, and may even signal an obsessive-compulsive disorder. “Pica may be the result of anxiety,” she said.  “It's not much different than a person displaying a nervous habit.  The problem is that a rock-chewing habit is not safe.”

Some dogs may respond to training, attention or exercise to curb the habit.  If the rock chewing stems from boredom, your dog will benefit by getting plenty of daily exercise and participating in “fun” and “stimulating” projects to occupy his time.  Consider purchasing a doggie toy that has openings in it to hide peanut butter or small pieces of kibble.  Your dog will have to “work” to get the yummy treats out.  If he enjoys the company of other dogs, consider adopting a playmate. When possible, include him in your family “pack.”  Walk him, talk to him, brush him and allow him spend quality time with your family. Isolating him will only make the problem worse. Consider a “diversion tactic” by giving him something else to chew.  Pet product retailers offer a variety of hard-rubber dog toys that are virtually indestructible.  These toys are made specifically for the dog who loves, or needs, to chew.

Unfortunately, many dogs with pica are fixated on a particular object and will chew only that object. And training does not always work.  If that's the case, it's up to you to create a safe environment for him. “If a dog focuses on one item, such as rocks, the best bet is to remove that item from his environment and then prevent him from coming into contact with that type of item,” Croteau advised.

Depending on the amount of gravel in your yard, you may consider removing some or all of it and replacing it with grass.  If you aren't ready to re-landscape your yard, however, you'll need to keep your dog indoors.  And, be prepared to supervise all of his outdoor excursions.

Finally, you can talk to professional behaviorist and consult your veterinarian.  A behaviorist can assist you with training issues.  Your veterinarian should do a complete examination and blood work to rule out a possible underlying medical condition.  In severe cases, your veterinarian may prescribe medication to reduce your dog's anxiety level.

“Whatever the case, pet parents need to take this matter seriously and do what is necessary to keep their canine companions safe and healthy,” Croteau said.  “It may require some extra work on your part - but our pets deserve it and are worth it.”

                    Source:  Arizona Humane Society,www.azhumane.org


INTESTINAL PARASITES by Dr. Jeanette Molina, Franklin Animal Hospital, 480-890-8283

Intestinal parasites are tiny organisms that benefit themselves by living in the intestines of their host.  The most common intestinal parasites found in dogs and cats are roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, whipworms,
coccidia, and giardia.

Your pet can become infected with intestinal parasites from drinking contaminated water, coming into contact with infected feces or other infected animals, nursing from an infected mother, or even by getting bitten by fleas.   Any dog, cat orferret can become infected with |parasites, however puppies, kittens, and kits are more susceptible.

Healthy, well-fed pets can have intestinal parasites without showing any signs at all.  This is an important reason to have your pet's annual fecal test done along with their annual vaccines.    However, some signs that may appear are diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite, coughing, a dry coat, and an overall poor appearance.  Tapeworms may cause your dog to scoot it's bottom on the floor. However, there are other issues that cause scooting besides parasites, so if you suspect a problem, contact your veterinarian.

Your veterinarian can run a simple fecal test to identify the type of parasite that is infecting your pet.   Most parasites and their eggs are too small to be seen bythe naked eye, so the fecal test is conducted under a microscope.   Some adult worms release eggs sporadically, so several fecals may need to be done to properly identify the organism.  There is no single treatment that will kill all kinds of parasites, so it is important not to home treat your pet.  Correct identification of the parasite is needed in order to treat it with the correct medication.  Some treatments only take a few days, while others may take a couple of weeks.  It is important to retest a fecal sample when the medication is done to ensure all the parasites were eradicated.  It is important to wash your pet's bedding and clean up the environment, getting rid of all infected feces, to ensure your pet does not get re-infected.

There are some intestinal parasites that can be transmitted to humans.  Children are especially at risk.   To minimize the risk of your pet contracting intestinalparasites: 1) Keep their environment clean.   2) Have your pet's fecal test done at least annually   3) Use flea control products, such as Frontline to protect your petfrom tapeworms.  4)  test your pet regularly if they frequent parks or boarding places.   Another tip:  Heartgard, the monthly heartworm preventative, also has the added bonus of killing some of these intestinal parasites as well as heartworms.

Protect you and your pets.  Be safe.



What You Need to Know about Ear Infections in Dogs  
by Dr. Jeannette Molina
Infections of the external ear canal are one of the most common diagnosed diseases in dogs.  These infections can be caused by ear mites, bacteria, yeast, or a combination of two or more of these. Sometimes these are the primary causes, and sometimes they are secondary to another problem such as allergies, foreign body, tumors, etc.

Ear mites are tiny little creatures that are hard to see with the naked eye.  They are easily detected under a microscope.  They usually leave a brownish black (like coffee grounds) discharge in the ears, and can be extremely itchy for your dog. These ear mites are contagious and can be spread to and from dogs, cats and ferrets.

Ear infections can be very painful for your dog, and if not treated promptly can cause inner ear disease and possible deafness. Physical signs of ear infections can be a bad odor coming from your dog's ears, frequent shaking of the head or scratching at the ears, redness in the ear, discharge coming from the ear, irritability and tenderness of the head area.  If you have a dog with floppy ears, it may be hard to see what's going on in there unless you flip the ears over and take a look every once in a while.

Preventing ear infections can be hard.  However, frequent ear cleanings can really help, especially if your dog swims, has floppy ears, or both.  Your veterinarian can recommend a good ear cleaner for you to use.  Also, if you have dogs with hair in their ears, make sure their groomer pulls the hair out of the ears regularly.  Ears jam packed with hair are a perfect warm, moist environment for bacteria and yeast to grow.

Treatment of ear infections is based on the diagnosis of what is actually causing the infection.  This is done by your veterinarian via an ear cytology.  Since there is not one medication that can cure every infection, it is important for your dog tohave an ear cytology done every time he/she has an infection.  Your dog may not have the same kind of infection every time.  Also, your veterinarian can address any inciting factors such as allergies, etc.  Do not attempt to treat an ear infection yourself!  There are some medications that can cause deafness if your dog's ear drum is not intact.  

Although there are some resistant ear infections that may need a culture, or even surgery, almost all ear infections that are properly diagnosed and treated can be cured.  Early detection is key.  Contact your veterinarian immediately if you suspect that your dog has an ear infection.
Dr. Molina can be reached at Franklin Veterinary Hospital, 480-890-8283
What You Can Do If You Are Having Trouble
Affording Veterinary Care: www.hsus.org

Many pet owners, at one point or another, are faced with unexpected veterinary bills. Veterinary medicine has progressed so far that now pet owners have new, and often expensive, options for the care of their ailing pets. Although the cost of veterinary care is actually very reasonable in comparison with the much higher cost of human health care, an unexpected medical emergency can present a major financial dilemma for an unprepared pet owner.

The Humane Society of the United States recommends that, in addition to preparing for routine pet-care costs, you regularly set aside savings to cover for unexpected veterinary bills. Create a special "pet savings account" and contribute money to it on a regular basis.If, despite your planning, your pet incurs major veterinary expenses that you have trouble affording, consider these suggestions:

     à Ask your veterinarian if he or she will let you work out a payment plan.
          Many veterinarians are willing to work out  a weekly or monthly payment
          plan so that you do not have to pay the entire cost of veterinary care up
          front.
    à Contact your local shelter. Some shelters operate or know of local
          subsidized veterinary clinics or veterinary assistance programs. You can
          find the name and number of your local shelter in the Yellow Pages of your
          phone book under   "animal shelter," "animal control," or "humane society,"
          or by calling Information.You can also go to www.Pets911.com and enter
          your zip code to find a list of animal shelters, animal control agencies, and
          other animal care organizations in your community.     
     à If you have a specific breed of dog, contact the National Club for that
          breed. In some cases, these clubs offer a veterinary financial assistance
          fund.
     à Use your credit card. Ask for a higher credit limit or a cash advance.
     à Call your bank. Ask about loan programs, second mortgages, or other
          options. Consider borrowing from  your life insurance policy, vacation
          savings, kids' education fund, or retirement program.
     à Ask your employer for a salary advance.
     à Alert family and friends and ask them each for a $25 loan.
     à Pawn your stuff. TVs and VCRs can be replaced. Your pet can't.
     à Consider taking on a part-time job or temping.
     à Contact the regional office of The HSUS that covers your state. Our
           regional office staff is often familiar with organizations and personnel
          within their territory and may be able to direct you to programs in your area.

Please remember that, depending on the severity of your pet's illness or injury, you may still lose your pet even after great expense. Discuss the prognosis and treatment options thoroughly with your veterinarian, including whether surgery or treatment would just cause your animal discomfort without preserving a life of good quality. Also remember that a little preventive care can go a long way. Having your pet spayed or neutered, keeping her shots up to date, and keeping your pet safely confined can prevent serious and costly health problems. If you have trouble affording the cost to spay or neuter your pet, contact your local animal shelter. They may operate a clinic or know of a local clinic that offers subsidized services.

Unfortunately, due to our limited resources as a nonprofit animal protection organization, The HSUS does not provide direct financial assistance to pet owners for veterinary or any other expenses. If you know of any veterinary assistance services, funds, or low-cost veterinary clinics, please let us know by calling 202-452-1100.



The Dog Days of Summer, reprinted with permission from www.hsus.org   

Common sense tells most people that leaving their pet inside a parked vehicle on a hot, summer day could be dangerous after an extended period of time. But most people don't realize that the temperature can skyrocket after just a few minutes. Parking in the shade or leaving the windows cracked does little to alleviate this pressure cooker.
On a warm, sunny day windows collect light, trapping heat inside the vehicle, and pushing the temperature inside to dangerous levels. On an 85-degree day, for example, the temperature inside a car with the windows opened slightly can reach 102 degrees within 10 minutes. After 30 minutes, the temperature will reach 120 degrees. At 110 degrees, pets are in danger of heatstroke. On hot and humid days, the temperature in a car parked in direct sunlight can rise more than 30 degrees per minute, and quickly become lethal.

Pets, more so than humans, are susceptible to overheating. While people can roll down windows, turn on the air conditioner or exit the vehicle when they become too hot, pets cannot. And pets are much less efficient at cooling themselves than people are.

Dogs, for example, are designed to conserve heat. Their sweat glands, which exist on their nose and the pads of their feet, are inadequate for cooling during hot days. Panting and drinking water helps cool them, but if they only have overheated air to breathe, dogs can suffer brain and organ damage after just 15 minutes. Short-nosed breeds, like pugs and bulldogs, young pets, seniors or pets with weight, respiratory, cardiovascular or other health problems are especially susceptible to heat-related stress.
Taking Action
In case of an emergency, it's important to be able to identify the symptoms of heat stress caused by exposure to extreme temperatures. Check the animal for signs of heavy panting, glazed eyes, a rapid heartbeat, restlessness, excessive thirst, lethargy, fever, dizziness, lack of coordination, profuse salivation, vomiting, a deep red or purple tongue, and unconsciousness.  If the animal shows symptoms of heatstroke, take steps to gradually lower her body temperature immediately. Follow these tips, and it could save her life:
Move the animal into the shade or an air-conditioned area.
Apply ice packs or cold towels to her head, neck, and chest or immerse her in cool
(not cold) water.
Let her drink small amounts of cool water or lick ice cubes.
Take her directly to a veterinarian.
In many states, it's against the law to leave a pet unattended in a parked vehicle in a manner than endangers the health or safety of the animal. Despite these laws, not to mention a basic common sense that should guide most pet owners during the summer, companion animals die every year from heatstroke. The worst part is knowing that each death was preventable. That's why sharing this information is so important. Summers, after all, are truly supposed to be carefree

Your medicine cabinet may be hazardous to your pet's health. This is where most people store various over-the-counter medications, painkillers, antihistamines, and vitamins.  "Dogs and cats are not small people. What is safe for people may not be safe for pets," says Dr. Valentina Merola, a veterinarian at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine in Urbana. "Most human medication has the potential to cause severe problems." Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin are common anti-inflammatory drugs that can cause disease in dogs and cats even in small doses. Cats are especially sensitive to these medications. Their physiology is unique, and it is hard for them to clear certain drugs from their system. These pain medications can cause stomach ulcers and kidney damage in dogs and cats, and acetaminophen can also harm the liver.

Antihistamines and decongestants may contain pseudoephedrine, a drug that is poorly tolerated by dogs and cats. Even one pill can be a toxic dose. "It is extremely important to consult with a veterinarian before administering any drugs to pets. Similar appearing medications may actually contain different active ingredients. Some antihistamines are routinely prescribed by veterinarians to treat allergies, but other antihistamines, even those with very similar names, can contain pseudoephedrine or other dangerous ingredients," explains Dr. Merola.

Dogs are notorious for chewing open bottles of medications and popping pills. If your pet ingests any human medication, call your veterinarian immediately. Your dog or cat may appear normal, but many of the toxic effects cannot be seen externally. Exposures at high enough doses can cause internal bleeding, stomach ulceration, and liver or kidney injury. Signs you will be able to recognize such as vomiting and behavior changes may not appear until hours after the exposure, when some damage may already be done. "It's critical to get these animals to the veterinarian for treatment in order to prevent damage. Drug therapy, fluids, activated charcoal, and gastrointestinal protectants may be needed. Supportive care and monitoring are very important," says Dr. Merola.

Before calling your veterinarian, quickly gather the relevant facts, such as the exact name of the product your dog or cat ate and the active ingredients it contains. "How much was ingested is the magic question. Try to estimate this number by thinking how full the bottle was, how many pills it contained when full, and how many are missing. We need to deal with the worst-case scenario to
provide proper care," says Dr. Merola. Your veterinarian will start by calculating the dose (measured by milligrams of drug per kilogram of body weight) your pet received. In addition the veterinarian will consider your pet's health status and how long the drug has been in the animal's system. These are all factors influencing the course of treatment.

To avoid an emergency situation, make sure all over-the-counter drugs are kept out of reach. Cats are able to climb high shelves and dogs may run into them during play, knocking bottles to the floor. Never leave medication on countertops! Dogs and cats will also raid purses and get into medication mischief.
Consult with your veterinarian before administering any medications. If you are concerned your pet has ingested any human  medications, call your veterinarian or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 1-888-4ANI-HELP immediately.
Source: University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Office of Public Engagement.


“Don't Lose Sight of Glaucoma”-reprinted with permission: Univ. of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine: www.uiuc.edu

Because glaucoma in people generally progresses slowly and is caught early, many people don't realize that in animals, especially dogs, glaucoma often requires immediate emergency treatment to prevent blindness. Why the difference? Because of the stoic nature of most animals, it is hard to know that there's anything wrong. "Dogs, especially, tolerate glaucoma very well and won't show you that they have a problem until their eye is in really bad shape," says Dr. Ralph Hamor, veterinary ophthalmology specialist at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital
in Urbana.

Glaucoma is a frequent cause of blindness in both humans and animals. The fluid in the eye, or aqueous humor, circulates within the eye and exits through a special drain. Problems start if the drain gets plugged, causing pressure in the eye (or intraocular pressure) to build up. When that occurs, retina and optic nerve damage may result, which can compromise vision. "In animals, glaucoma is just one of the causes of a red, cloudy, painful eye," says Dr. Hamor. "Owners should take note of those basic signs, which can point to a number of diseases."

Diagnosing glaucoma starts with a measurement of the intraocular pressure with an instrument called a tonometer. If the intraocular pressure is elevated, the dog may need emergency treatment to reduce pressure fast and prevent vision loss. The two types of glaucoma are primary and secondary. "In secondary glaucoma, something is physically plugging the drain, so if we treat and cure the primary cause, it is possible to eliminate the glaucoma and save vision," says Dr. Hamor.  Only in secondary glaucoma do patients have a chance for a complete cure. Causes of
secondary glaucoma include chronic uveitis, a tumor, and lens luxation. Cats and horses are the animals typically found to develop glaucoma
secondary to another problem.

In people and dogs, primary, or hereditary, glaucoma is the form commonly found. "With dogs, certain breeds are predisposed to glaucoma," says Dr. Hamor. "These breeds ought to have their eyes evaluated yearly so that we can catch any increases in pressure and begin medical therapy." The cocker spaniel, terrier breeds, basset hound, beagle, Norwegian elkhound, and Siberian husky are especially predisposed to glaucoma.

"In a predisposed dog, it takes less pressure to cause damage than in a normal dog. That's why yearly checks are important," says Dr. Hamor. "If we can start treatment sooner, the animal may keep its vision longer."

If you notice signs of irritation, pain, discharge, or redness, in your pet's eyes, you should investigate the problem further with your veterinarian. He or she may recommend that your four-legged friend visit a veterinary ophthalmology specialist.



Toxic Plants and Holiday/winter Products:  
source: avma.org

Plants and other items associated with the winter and holiday season can be toxic to your pets. What follows is a general guide. Please consult your veterinarian, animal poison control, and the manufacturer for specifics. Remember, the earlier you seek treatment, the better for your pet!
Low toxicity -- poinsettia leaves/stems; balsam/pine/cedar/fir; angel hair (spun glass); Christmas tree preservatives; snow sprays/snow flock; tree ornaments; super glue; styrofoam; icicles (tinsel); and crayons/paints.
Moderate toxicity -- fireplace colors/salts; plastic model cement Moderate to high toxicity holly berries and leaves; bubbling lights (methylene chloride); snow scenes (may contain salmonella); aftershaves/perfumes/alcoholic beverages; and chocolate (dark is more toxic than milk).
Highly toxic -- mistletoe (especially berries); expoxy adhesives; and antifreeze. Please note that some items have special problems. For example, whereas angel hair is usually considered to be of low toxicity, it can irritate eyes, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract; the content of Christmas tree preservatives varies and often effects depend upon the amount ingested; styrofoam, small parts from Christmas tree ornaments and toys, as well as tinsel, can cause mechanical obstructions in the gastrointestinal tract; snow flock can cause problems if sprayed into the mouth and inhaled; and chocolate, of any type, should never be given to a pet. Antifreeze deserves special mention because even a very small amount can be rapidly fatal to pets.


Good Advice about Feeding your Pal
by Dr. Jeannette Molina,  Franklin Veterinary Hospital,  480-890-8283

  Thanksgiving is a time to be thankful for all that we have.     It is also a time that we eat, and eat a lot!   This is also the time that we are tempted to let our best friends, our dogs, also enjoy in the festivities. This is a very loving gesture, however, it can be dangerous to our canine friends.   First of all, if  our friends get a hold of any part of the turkey that has bones in it, it can be a disaster.  Bird bones have evolved to be hollow.  This allows them to be light for flight.   But, when cooked, these hollow bones become very brittle.  When a dog ingests these cooked, brittle bird bones, they have the chance of causing problems in the digestive tract, and can perforate intestines, which is a medical emergency.   This situation usually warrants emergency surgery.  If your dog ingests any turkey or chicken bones, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Another problem with feeding our canine friends any part of our Thanksgiving dinner is that dogs are not used to the high fat content of human meals.   If you give your dog leftovers of a high fat human meal, they are at risk of developing pancreatitis.     The pancreas, which excretes digestive enzymes in response to food ingestion, over-reacts to the presence of the excessive fat.  Pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening disease, and can cause severe pain in your pet, and even death.   The treatment consists of hospitalization and IV fluids, along with antibiotic therapy.

Even though our dogs are one of the things we are thankful for, sharing Thanksgiving dinner is not in their best interest.    I buy my dogs some canned dog food that has turkey chunks in it, and since they usually eat dry food,  that is their Thanksgiving gift.  They are happy, and I am thankful for them being in my life.   And that's why I do not feed them anything off of the Thanksgiving table.   Have a fun and safe holiday!   Happy Thanksgiving.


Chocolate Toxicity in Dogs:
by Dr Jeannette Molina, Franklin Veterinary Hospital

 With October brings Halloween! And Halloween candy! This is an important time to remind dog owners that chocolate is toxic to dogs. The toxic substance in chocolate is the obromine which is easily digested in the GI tract and is quickly distributed throughout the body. In large doses, chocolate toxicity will cause severe illness and possibly death. Theobromine is found in all types of chocolate and cocoa. Regular milk chocolate contains the smallest amount of theobromine, dark chocolate/semi-sweet chocolate/and instant cocoa contain about 3x as much theobromine, and baker's chocolate contains about 8x as much theobromine as milk chocolate.

Therefore, it only takes a fraction of the amount of baker's chocolate as compared to regular chocolate to cause illness in a dog. For example, only 2.5 oz of baker's chocolate can cause severe toxicity in a 5 pound dog, where it would take 20 oz of regular milk chocolate to cause toxicity in the same size dog. Although the more a dog weighs, the more chocolate they would have to eat to be toxic, bigger dogs are more likely to gulp down huge amounts of things they shouldn't! Signs of chocolate toxicity including vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, hyperactivity, twitching, seizures, coma and death. Theobromine also affects the heart and will cause irregular heartbeats that can be fatal.

Call your veterinarian immediately if you believe your dog has eaten chocolate. Early treatment can save your dog's life. Another note, chocolate is also toxic to other animals, so keep Halloween candy away from dogs, cats, ferrets, and any other pets you may have. Have a happy and safe Halloween!


Heart Disease    Source: American Animal Hospital Association

     While the mortality rate from heart disease is declining among
     humans, it seems to be increasing among pets. Pets are living
     longer and more heart disease is being detected.
      The general types of heart disease:
lHeart valve problems are the most common cause of heart disease in dogs. The heart valves thicken and then leak when the heart pumps.
lInflammation (myocarditis) is caused by an infection of the heart muscles or lining of the heart.
l Heartworm disease is caused by worms, which actually lodge in the heart. This disease is transmitted by mosquitoes.
l Arrhythmia or irregular heart beats are caused by malfunctions of the heart's electrical control system known as the pacemaker.
l Blockages of the heart arteries cause the death of part of the heart muscle. This disease is not common in pets.
l Other heart diseases may be caused by birth defects.

It is important to know some of the general symptoms of
common heart disease, since early detection can help save your pet. The signs include restlessness, coughing, fatigue, fainting, a bluish tongue, loss of appetite, body swelling, and a rapid or very slow heart beat.

Just as in humans, most heart disease in pets can be controlled through proper treatment and care. Contact your veterinarian if you  suspect your pet is suffering from some form of heart disease.


AGING PROCESS
by Dr. Jeanette Molina

The aging process in pets varies with breed and lifestyle. Generally, larger breeds show signs of aging earlier than small breeds. While some small dogs don't show signs of aging until 10 years, large breed dogs can show signs as early as 4 or 5 years of age. Some signs of aging in your pet may include hearing or vision loss, weight gain or loss, dental disease, arthritis, etc. Some of these changes may be associated with normal aging, or they can be signs of a developing disease condition. Geriatric pets need more frequent and more extensive veterinary examinations and testing. Never let you pet miss their annual veterinary exam, and increasing their examinations to every 6 months is a good idea.

In addition to thorough examinations, annual blood work  such as "senior profiles" need to be run for an older pet. This testing allows your veterinarian to screen your pet's health and to catch disease processes as early as possible. Senior blood tests generally evaluate the kidneys, liver, sugar levels, thyroid levels, electrolytes, red and white blood cell counts and more. Many diseases can be treated more effectively if caught early. Most pets will not show you that they are sick until the disease has progressed significantly. That is why annual testing is so important.

Regular dental cleanings can also help your pet remain healthy. As pets age, they accumulate more and more dental tartar and are susceptible to gingivitis and periodontitis. The mouth is a very vascular part of the body, and blood vessels will pick up the excess bacteria in the mouth resulting from tartar and carry it throughout the body and to major organs such as the heart, liver and kidneys. Your pet can develop heart disease, liver disease and/or kidney disease simply from having excessive tartar on the teeth. Annual veterinary dental cleanings will keep your pet's mouth clean and healthy.

Watch you senior pet carefully and monitor things such as activity level, eating habits, urination and defecation patterns, changes in behavior, etc. If you observe any changes in your pet contact your veterinarian immediately because they may be signs of serious disease.

Treasure your special bond between you and your pet, and pay attention to your pets changing needs as they get older. Help them stay happy and healthy for a long time!


Parvo Virus

Anyone who has ever had a puppy has heard of "parvo". The canine parvovirus is a virus that infects the intestinal tract of dogs.  This virus can be deadly, especially to puppies whose immune systems are not very strong. The parvo virus is a hardy virus and can live for years in the environment. It can withstand both heat and cold and both dry and humid climates.

A dog gets infected with the parvovirus through contact with an infected dog's feces. The virus is microscopic and may linger long after the feces has been picked up. An unvaccinated dog that ingests the virus will most likely get the disease. All a dog has to do is step on the virus and then lick his/her paw and they are infected. The signs of parvovirus infection include vomiting, diarrhea often with blood, depression, loss of appetite, and a high fever. There is no way to kill the parvovirus in dogs. Treatment consists of supporting the dog with IV fluids to maintain hydration and correct electrolyte imbalances, and often IV antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. Veterinarian's also have access to parvo anti-serum which can be given to your dog intravenously to help them fight the disease. To ensure the best chances of your dog's survival he/she MUST be hospitalized at a veterinary hospital. Caring for parvo at home greatly decreases their chance at surviving the disease because intravenous fluids are the mainstay of treatment. Oral and subcutaneous fluids just aren't good enough to combat this disease.

To prevent your puppy from getting parvo you must have them vaccinated on a regular basis, which means vaccines every 2-3 weeks until they are 16 weeks old. With annuals vaccines thereafter. Also remember to take your puppy NOWHERE (except puppy school which is sanitized) until he/she is completely done with their puppy boosters. Most parvo cases are puppies that have gone to either bark parks or other places before their booster vaccination schedule was complete.

With vaccination, common sense, and prompt treatment, you can avoid losing your pet to parvo. If you have any questions regarding this disease, call your veterinarian.



First Rate Food Choices  Dog foods are all alike, right? Though some are labeled "for all stages of life," it is doubtful that these are the best choice. The fact is that the nutritional needs of dogs change throughout their lives and can even change depending on their environment.

Dr. Allan Paul is a veterinarian who teaches small animal nutrition at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine in Urbana. He says the first challenge in choosing a dog food is picking one that has overall quality. "Look for a statement on the food bag that says that the product successfully passed feeding trials of the Association of American Feed Control Officials," advises Dr. Paul. "This ensures that the food has no nutritional deficiencies or excesses that could be detrimental to your pet in the long run." Stage of life is another important factor. Growth requires energy, and young animals are often much more active than their older counterparts. Young growing animals usually require more energy than older ones."With young large-breed dogs, however, you have to be careful," warns Dr. Paul. "High energy intake directly affects growth. Large-breed puppies that grow too fast can develop a mismatch between their body growth and their bone growth. The bones just can't keep up with the growth rate and the result is orthopedic disease (bone malformations)." For these puppies, consult your veterinarian about how much to feed, and never feed free-choice food.

While intact growing animals require more energy, neutered animals require less energy in comparison. "Obesity occurs twice as often in neutered dogs than in intact dogs," says Dr. Paul. Neutered animals tend to gain weight more readily and are often less active than un-neutered pets. Owners, however, often do not recognize this change and continue to feed the same amount of food after neutering.

As animals reach their geriatric years (greater than 5 years of age for large breeds and 7 years of age for small breeds), they become even more sedentary and their metabolic rate begins to decline. Because their energy requirement is lower, they require less fat in their diet. These older dogs can also become prone to constipation, but adding some fiber to the diet can alleviate this problem and make the animal feel more satisfied and full when eating.

Older animals can also develop problems such as renal disease, but feeding a healthy food that is low in phosphorus can help keep renal disease in check. In addition, senior formulas often add extra antioxidants, which can help to maintain the immune system and fight off age-related problems. Lactating animals require more energy than those at any other adult life stage. Producing milk for a litter of puppies is an energy-draining process. "It is not really possible to overfeed heavily lactating animals because so much energy is going into milk production," says Dr. Paul.
All of this may seem very complicated, but it is possible to choose the best diet for your pet if you have information about your pet's nutritional needs. If you have questions regarding your pet's nutrition, please contact your local veterinarian.

Source: University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine


Vacations and Pets
by Dr. Jeanette Molina

Now is the time when many people are planning their summer vacations. Don't forget to plan for your pets while you're on vacation as well. If you are traveling with your pet, make sure you plan ahead to check out the requirements you need whether it be for airlines, hotels, state or international regulations.    Most airlines require health certificates for you pets when they fly. Every airline is different when it comes to how long they will honor a certain certificate and how many days in advance they want it.

Make sure to check the particular airline. Also remember that depending on how long you will be on vacation, you may need a health certificate before you leave and another one before you come back. Make an appointment with a veterinarian at your destination so you will be prepared if you need to get another one before flying home. Be sure to check the airline's size, breed and kennel regulations. Be careful of connecting flights in hot areas where your pet may be sitting on the runway in the heat if they are traveling in cargo. Prepare your pet for being in a new area that may have different diseases.

Check with a veterinarian at your destination to see if your pet may require additional vaccines or preventatives that you don't require at home. And if your pet ever gets sick after vacationing, make sure to tell your veterinarian that your pet has traveled and where so they can take into account the possibility of a disease prevalent in that particular area. If you are boarding your dog, plan ahead because many boarding facilities book up early during the summer months.

Find out from the facility which vaccines and/or preventatives they require your dog to have. Remember, although many veterinarians only require annual Bordetella vaccines, most boarding facilities require them to be within the last 6 months. So your dog may need an extra Bordetella vaccine to be allowed to board.

At the end of any vacation, whether your pet has gone with you or has been boarded, it's a good idea to have your veterinarian do a routine exam and fecal. Your pet can pick up intestinal parasites anywhere. You want to make sure they are treated, as some of them can be transmitted to humans.


Microchips are tiny computer chips that have identification numbers programmed into them. These chips are implanted between the shoulder blades under the skin of your pet by a veterinarian or breeder. These chips are extremely helpful in identifying stray and lost pets. The chip is small enough to fit into a hypodermic needle, and insertion is similar to giving a vaccine. Once chipped, your pet has a permanent, life-long, one-of-a-kind identification number. The chip is inert and biocompatible, and reactions to the chip are extremely rare. This microchip number will identify your pet if he or she were to ever be lost (or even stolen).

Microchip scanners which read the id numbers are used by veterinarians, breeders, shelters, pet stores and trainers. Collars can come off of pets, but the microchip is permanent. There are a few major microchip companies, including "Avid" and "Home Again". Every chip is registered to the hospital that is administering the chip, so they can track which veterinary hospital bought the chip, and they will notify them if a pet with that chip number shows up somewhere.

For an additional fee to the microchip company, you can directly register the microchip to you so that they will contact you directly instead of going through your veterinarian. This comes in handy if your pet is lost after business hours or on a holiday when your veterinarian may be closed. All of your pets can be microchipped, including dogs, cats, ferrets, birds, reptiles etc. Stray and lost pets end up at pounds every day, and may face euthanasia if their owners are not found.

Microchipping is a safe, effective, and permanent way of identifying your pet, and increasing their chances of getting back home. Don't wait until it's too late. A microchip can save your pet's life.


Ask the Doc by Jeannette Molina, DVM, CVA  

REIKI FOR PETS

Reiki (pronounced ray-key) is a Japanese form of healing that involves the transfer or energy from practitioner to patient to enhance the body's natural ability to heal itself. It is believed to have started thousands of years ago in Tibet. Reiki uses specific techniques for restoring and balancing the natural life force energy within the body.

With most Reiki treatments the practitioner holds his or her hands a few inches from the patient and manipulates the energy without touching the patient. Reiki facilitates relaxation and stress relief, removes energy blockages and clears the body of toxins. Long term Reiki treatments will restore the body to good general condition. Reiki can be used to treat many different illnesses, and can complement any traditional therapy. It can accelerate healing and ease pain. Animals are very receptive to Reiki treatments and most enjoy them thoroughly. The typical treatment schedule for animals is short treatments (about 15-20 minutes) 2 - 3 times a week.

Usually treatments continue for quite a few weeks, depending on the illness being treated. Most owners see an improvement  in their pet's energy level after just 1 or 2 treatments.
I have seen amazing results with Reiki in animals, and it has become a common therapy at our hospital.
Veterinary Acupuncture


Acupuncture is a form of treatment used by the Chinese for centuries. This modality has been used in veterinary practice in China for at least 3000 years.

Acupuncture is the insertion of needles into specific points on the body which brings about a healing effect. According to Chinese medicine, there are energy channels that run through the body. Disease is a result of an imbalance of this energy, either a lack of energy or an excess of energy in certain areas along these energy channels (called "meridians"). Acupuncture balances this energy, and thereby brings about healing.

More technically, most acupuncture points are located in the superficial muscles and skin. These points tend to be areas where nerves, lymph vessels and blood vessels are concentrated. Acupuncturing these points stimulates nerves, increases
circulation, relieves spasms, and releases endorphins and other beneficial chemicals in the body. Acupuncture can be used to treat various conditions such as arthritis, allergies, digestive disorders, asthma, metabolic disorders, etc.

Acupuncture is one of the safest forms of treatment when it is administered by a properly trained veterinarian. All species can benefit from acupuncture such as dogs, cats, ferrets, even exotics. Treatment schedules will depend on the condition, and usually start off at frequent intervals and are tapered off as the condition improves.

The American Veterinary Medical Association acknowledges acupuncture as a valid modality in veterinary medicine. Your veterinary acupuncturist must be a licensed veterinarian, and should have formal training in acupuncture for animals. Acupuncture is not a cure-all, but it is very effective when indicated, and is an excellent adjunct to any treatment regimen. Jeannette Molina, DVM Certified Veterinary Acupuncturist.

Bach Flowers
The number one cause for euthanasia in dogs is not due to any disease. It is actually due to behavior problems.   More dogs are brought to pounds and humane societies for behavioral issues than any other reason.  Many behavioral issues in dogs can be addressed and often times corrected. Proper training is vital to the bond between dog and owner.  Bach Flowers are a way to help training and behavior modification succeed.

Bach Flowers are flower essences developed by Dr. Edward Bach in the 1930s. Dr. Bach was a human physician who realized the important link between emotional  health and physical health.   So in order to help him in his quest to help his patients' physical well-being, he searched for and developed 38 flower essences that address different emotional issues that an individual might have.

These essences address issues such as fear, uncertainty, loneliness, aggression, despair etc.  Bach Flowers, which were originally formulated to treat humans, also work well with animals. These essences can help address emotional and
behavioral issues that dogs have.  I have successfully treated problems such as separation anxiety, fear, aggression, irritability, jealousy, and stress in my canine patients.   Often,  undesirable behavior  stems from some form of emotional problem. These emotional issues can be corrected with Bach Flowers.

Bach flowers are safe and do not interfere with other medications. They have no adverse side effects, and are not addicting in any way, unlike many traditional behavior modification drugs. Bach Flowers do not drug your dog.  They are all natural and actually address and correct emotional issues.

The combination of training and Bach Flowers has helped many owners strengthen their bond with their pets by overcoming and correcting behavioral issues that once stood in the way of a healthy relationship with their dog.

**Dr. Molina is certified in Bach Flowers, and can prepare a remedy specifically tailored for your dog. For more information or to schedule a Bach Flower work-up, contact East Valley Veterinary Hospital at 480-890-8283.


Preventative Medicine - Part 2
by Jeannette Molina, DVM, CVA, East Valley Veterinary Hospital

  Tick Fever is a bacterial disease very common here in the Valley.  The bacteria, Ehrlichia canis, is transmitted to dogs via the "brown dog tick".  When the tick  carrying the disease bites a dog, it passes the bacteria into the dog's bloodstream. Symptoms associated with Tick Fever are variable.  The disease can affect many body systems, including, but not limited to, blood cells, joints, eyes, and the digestive and nervous systems. Therefore, signs of Tick Fever can range from lethargy and lack of appetite to
limping, bloody nose, seizures or even blindness. Some dogs show multiple signs of the disease, while some dogs may show only one of them. Therefore, if your dog shows any sign of not being himself, you should bring him to your veterinarian for a physical exam.
  Tick Fever is very common and can affect any dog whether you perceive that you have a "tick problem" or not. Approximately 80% of the Tick Fever cases I've treated have been dogs that their owners swear they have never seen a tick.  This is likely because ticks have a tendency to feed and drop off, and owners may be unaware of the ncident. An important point - it only takes ONE tick to give your dog tick fever. Ticks can live in any landscape whether it's grass or desert landscape.If your dog is diagnosed with Tick Fever, your veterinarian can treat the disease. Most dogs can survive this disease if treated promptly. Besides taking your dog to the vet if you detect  something wrong, you can also take steps to minimize your dog's chances of contracting tick fever. Treating your yard regularly for ticks is a good idea. Also, there are monthly topical applications such as "Frontline" that can be used on your dog to control ticks. You can get Frontline or other products from your veterinarian who can put together a tick control program specifically for your dog. Be careful of over-the-counter flea and tick products. Most of them can be toxic to your pet. The reason we use Frontline at our hospital is because the active ingredient in Frontline has no affect on mammal cells and therefore is safe for your dog.  The ingredient only affects insect cells. There are other safe flea/tick control products for your dog that you can discuss with your veterinarian. Besides vaccines, a good solid preventative program also consists of monthly Heartgard and Frontline for all dogs.  Keep your friend healthy and safe.


Preventative Medicine - Part 1
Besides annual vaccinations, there are other preventative measures a responsible pet owner should be doing for their dog.  Diseases such as Heartworm Disease and Tick Fever are present here in the Valley, and there are steps you can do to decrease your dog's chances of contracting these diseases.

Heartworm disease, caused by the nematode Dirofilaria immitis, is transmitted from dog to dog by mosquitoes.  When a mosquito that is carrying heartworm larvae bites a dog, it injects the larvae into the dog's bloodstream. The larvae then continue to mature into adult worms, residing in the pulmonary arteries and the heart. This disease can be fatal, causing heart failure in your dog, if not detected and treated early. Signs of this disease include, but are not limited to, coughing and tiring easily. If your dog contracts Heartworm Disease, it can be treated by your veterinarian.  

However, besides being expensive, the treatment also has risks. Therefore, PREVENTION is the way to go! There are various products that can be used to prevent Heartworm Disease, such as "Heartgard", a monthly chewable treat for your dog. See your veterinarian for the best prevention product for your dog. A word of advice, get your dog's Heartworm prevention from your veterinarian. Products purchased over the internet are not warranted by the manufacturers.

Dogs in the Valley need to be on Heartworm prevention year round due to the fact that we do not get a sufficient frost here to guarantee the killing of mosquitoes in the winter months. Your dog will have to be tested prior to starting the prevention program, and should be tested at least every 2 years thereafter.

Please protect your dog from this serious disease. The number of Heartworm cases in Arizona has been climbing at an alarmingly high rate.   Heartworm prevention is affordable, easy, safe and
effective. Your dog deserves it.  


Immunizations and your pet
Vaccinations are an important part of your dog's health program.  They protect him or her from various diseases, some of which are deadly.    The vaccines that are part of a regular health plan include Rabies, Bordetella, and DHPPCV (which is your 5-in-1 consisting of Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvo, Parainfluenza and Corona Virus vaccines).   These vaccines are all very important for your dog, especially dogs that frequent bark parks and other public places.
Rabies vaccine is required by law for your pet, and considering how fatal this disease is to both pets and humans alike, the need for it is self-explanatory.
5-in1 vaccine protects your pet from multiple diseases.  Viruses like Distemper and Parvo can be transmitted to your pet from the environment as well as from other dogs.  Both of these diseases are potentially fatal. The Parvo virus can live in the environment for years, just waiting to infect its next victim!
Bordetella vaccine protects your dog from Bordetella bronchiseptica, a bacteria that causes Kennel Cough.  Kennel Cough is a title for an upper respiratory infection caused by a number of different organisms, including Bordetella, Parainfluenza, and Adenovirus type 2.  Kennel Cough is usually a self-limiting disease; however it is not fun for your dog to have.  Dogs may have a very severe cough for sometimes up to 2 months.  In a small percentage of cases, the infection can spread to the lungs and cause pneumonia, which can be fatal. Kennel Cough is passed from dog to dog, and your dog need only be in the same area as a coughing Kennel Cough carrier.   And keep in mind that for some reason dogs will cough more at night when they have Kennel Cough, so just because dogs at the bark park are not coughing at the moment does not mean they aren't carrying Kennel Cough.  Both Parainfluenza and Adenovirus type 2 are included in your dog's 5-in-1 vaccine.  

However, the 5-in-1 does not contain Bordetella. This vaccine must be given separately. There are two forms of the vaccine, an injectable and an intranasal.   The injectable form stimulates circulating antibodies in your dog. The intranasal form stimulates mucosal antibodies, such as in the nasal passages. These vaccines are most effective when used in conjunction with each other to get complete antibody coverage. Each veterinarian's protocol may differ slightly, but in our hospital we vaccinate first with the intranasal and booster with the injectable 3 weeks later.  After this, dogs get an annual injectable vaccine.  Some places such as boarding kennels and groomers may require that your pet has a Bordetella vaccine every 6 months, so check before bringing your dog.
Puppy Advice . . . NO puppy should be at the bark park or other public places until their vaccine series are completely finished!  This means 17 weeks of age, which is one week after they've had their last 5-in-1 and their Rabies vaccine.  A younger puppy that is "current" on vaccines may still have a chance of being unprotected and susceptible to getting diseases such as Parvo and Distemper. A puppy receives antibodies from its mother through nursing.  

Although they protect the infant puppy, these antibodies interfere with vaccines that are given.  It is impossible to predict exactly when the level of maternal antibodies in a pa rticular puppy drops to unprotected levels or to levels that don't interfere with our vaccines--each dog is different.   This is why we booster these vaccines when dogs are puppies, because we are dealing with maternal antibody interference.   So we give puppies vaccines every 2-3 weeks to try and minimize the time frame that a puppy is left unprotected when its maternal antibodies decline and it's time for the next vaccine. The one thing we do know is that by the age of 16 weeks, there is no maternal antibody interference. So that is when we give the last booster.  The reason we don't just wait until the puppy is 16 weeks old is that every puppy is different, and although one puppy can have mom's antibodies protecting him or her for 12 weeks before they decline, another puppy can have mom's antibodies decline to unprotected levels at 8 weeks! The "myth" that your puppy needs a certain "number" of vaccines is not correct.  It's not the number of vaccines that is important. What's important is that your puppy get vaccinated regularly from the time it's away from mom until he or she is 16 weeks old.   

And because we never know when maternal antibodies in any particular puppy are dropping, puppies under 16 weeks old should NOT be at a bark park or anywhere else in public because there may be a chance they will susceptible to disease.

Note: It is very important that your puppy attends puppy school. School is vital to forming positive behavior patterns in your dog, and increases bonding between dog and owner. It is okay to take your puppy to puppy school because it is a "controlled" environment, which means that you know that 1) every dog there is required to have their vaccines, 2) the place is cleaned and sanitized daily, and 3) sick dogs are not allowed to come to class.  Three things that don't apply at a bark park! And puppy school gives them the socialization they need--save the bark park for 17 weeks.

Dr. Jeanette Molina, DVM, graduated from ASU and received her veterinary medical degree from Colorado State University. She is certified in acupuncture and Bach flowers.